Exploratory and Explanatory Data Visualization for Education

• Data use is increasing rapidly within the education space
• Policymakers are under increasing pressure to use data to inform decisions, justify funding, and guide practice
• But, policymakers are often not statisticians, researchers, or quants
• Data visualization is a way to bridge this gap
• Proper data visualization will bring the data to the audience in a way they can understand quickly and use to inform decisions

http://www.myurl.com/presentation

Data visualization is a tool for communicating a specific feature of a datset in an approachable and efficient manner

If a picture is worth a thousand words, a good data visualization must always be better than a table.

1. Review data visualization principles and chart types
2. Techniques for plotting "big data"
3. Look at applications in education data from an SEA
4. Your graphs are ugly!
5. Best practices and advice
6. What tools to use
7. Activity!

• Making good graphics starts with considering your audience carefully
• Find the level of complexity you think your audience can understand, and push it
• Think about the point you want to get across and make sure it is crystal clear
• Looking cool is not enough, focus on conveying meaning
• Remember, the audience rarely has the understanding of data you have from the dozens of prior graphics you have made from the data
• Do the work for them!

How can we improve this simple scatterplot?

There are a few things that all charts need. There are sometimes strong cases to deviate from these, but they are good rules of thumb.

• Axis labels and a title
  • These make the chart self-explanatory
• A legend
  • What is the unit in the graphic?
• A scale
  • How are units mapped to the visual space
• Annotations
  • Author and data source (depending on distribution)

• Charts and data are made up of dimensions (e.g. a bar chart is x and y)
• Additional dimensions can be represented by additional aesthetics or chart elements (e.g. color, size, shape, etc.)
• Dimensions can also be shown by multiple plots (e.g. a filmstrip)
• Smart use of dimensions allows us to increase the information density of our charts

How you turn dimensions in the data into visual cues for your audience is everything.

• Any given dimension may be measured at different levels of measure [derived by Stanley Smith Stevens in the 1940s and 50s]
  • Nominal: unordered categories of data (e.g. race)
  • Ordinal: ordered categories of data, relative size and degree of difference between categories is unknown (e.g. Likert scales, proficiency levels perhaps)
  • Interval: ordered categories of data, fixed width, like discrete temperature scales (e.g. grade in school)
  • Continuous (ratio): a measurement scale in a continuous space with a meaningful zero - physical measurements (e.g. scale scores)

Aesthetics for Mapping

How do we map levels of measurement onto visual features of charts?

Ordered vs. Unordered

Think like a map. Data density and easy interpretability.

• Focus on the content
• Consider your audience
• Use best practices
• Understand the limitations
• Experiment and iterate!

How do we display a ton of data--tens or hundreds of thousands of observations--with combinations of data types across multiple dimensions?

1. Summarize the data
   • Display summary statistics visually depicting the central tendency and spread of data
2. Plot the raw data
   • Annotate wisely to display the main message
3. Model the data
   • Use a statistical model to summarize features of the data

Let's look at some examples of this.

• The most simple summaries are measures of central tendency, most easily understood
• It is important to look at the spread of data too though
• If time is of interest, we are interested in trends
• If space is of interest, we are interested in maps or spatial distributions
• Think about context and reference
• Let's look at an example summarizing student data to schools!

Here is a simple plot of mean school reading scores:

But, what's wrong with this plot?

We still aren't sure what the mean scale score means. Let's see a couple more additions that can make this useful.

This still requires too much work for the viewer - if we order the plots we get a caterpillar plot that can be more useful!

Sometimes, we can get away with showing the raw data, that is, all data points. We may want to do this for a few reasons:

• the "wow" effect,
• because it is easier,
• or because it looks better aesthetically.

How could it be done?

• Without reducing the data points we need to do three things to be successful

1. Spread the data out
   • These points overlap each other and make a mess
2. Reduce the ink
   • Each point has too much "weight"
3. Add Reference Points
   • 600,000 observations in one panel is not meaningful

• Edward Tufte and others recommend small multiples, a technique of repeating a plot across groups to compare relationships in multiple dimensions

All models are wrong. Some models are useful.

• When depicting a statistical model, simulation can be used to help show substantive impact of model features
• Instead of suggesting a program has a 0.2 standard deviation effect, show the change in student test score that results
• Especially important if you have interaction or non-linear effects
• Gelman & Hill 2006 - Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models is a good primer

We can combine these features.

• Facets with smoother lines for references (small multiples + models)
• Summary plots with raw data in the background
• Reference lines and group comparisons

• Annotation
• Labeling
• Lots of data-ink
• Reference points galore

• Interactivity - with this much information, allowing the user to go back and forth on their own would be much more useful
• Size - most users don't have high resolution displays, but these can be helpful in making things more clear
• Adjustments to the modeling process

When you can, avoid making graphs that look like these that follow.

Stephen Emmott - "10 Billion" http://www.buzzfeed.com/lukelewis/13-graphs-that-suggest-the-planet-might-be-totally-screwed

Source: http://www.biostat.wisc.edu/~kbroman/topten_worstgraphs/

Source: http://www.biostat.wisc.edu/~kbroman/topten_worstgraphs/

• Have a properly chosen format and design
• Use words, numbers and drawing together
• Reflect a balance, a proportion, relevant scale
• Display an accessible complexity of details
• Have a narrative quality, tell a story
• Avoid content-free decoration (Tufte's proverbial chartjunk)
• Draw in a professional manner with an eye on the technical details
• Remember the map

They can communicate, confound, brand, and distract

Getting the technical details right is essential to preventing users from being distracted by the production and miss the story.

The technology you choose to do visualizations is largely a question of personal productivity, but with some important caveats:

• In the future, more and more content is going to be delivered in a paperless world, so pick a technology that can leverage web/tablet/phone interfaces
• Different technologies are useful for different levels of finish and polish; Adobe Illustrator is great for publication quality graphics, R is a great tool for rapidly prototyping different visualizations
• Chose a technology that best serves your consumer, not you are the producer. Charts are a service to the consumer, not to the creator.

Keep in mind that depending on the project you may need to programatically make data visualizations, or you may need a highly customized illustrated graphic.

We have a number of other techniques we can use beyond simple charts.

• Animations
• Interactive demos
• Summary tables
• Videos
• Web sites

Visualize some education data. Imagine we have the following dimensions and want to present more of them on a plot like that on the right. Sketch out your result with your group.

• Tufte, Edward. 1992. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Graphics Press.
• Unwin, Theus, and Hofmann. 2006. Graphics of Large Datasets: Visualizing a Million. Springer.
• Wilkinson, Leland. 2005. The Grammar of Graphics. Springer.
• Ware, Colin. 2012. Information Visualization: Perception for Design. 3rd Edition. Morgan Kaufmann.
• Cleveland, William. 1994. The Elements of Graphing Data. Hobart Press.
• Cleveland, William. 1993. Visualizing Data. Hobart Press.
• Few, Stephen. 2009. Now You See It: Simple Visualization Techniques for Quantiative Analysis. Analytics Press.
• Few, Stephen. 2012. Show Me the Numbers: Designing Tables and Graphs to Enlighten. Analytics Press.
• Yau, Nathan. 2011. Visualize This: The FlowingData Guide to Design, Visualization, and Statistics. Wiley.
• Few, Stephen. 2006. Information Dashboard Design: The Effective Visual Communication of Data. O'Reilly Media

• Andy Kirk
• D3
• The Functional Art
• ggplot2
• Robert Kosara

print(sessionInfo(),locale=FALSE)

R version 3.0.2 (2013-09-25)
Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)

attached base packages:
[1] grid      stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods  
[8] base     

other attached packages:
 [1] arm_1.6-10           lme4_1.0-5           Matrix_1.1-0        
 [4] datasynthR_0.1       reshape_0.8.4        effects_2.3-0       
 [7] colorspace_1.2-4     lattice_0.20-24      mgcv_1.7-27         
[10] nlme_3.1-113         plyr_1.8             vcd_1.3-1           
[13] ggthemes_1.5.1       eeptools_0.3         MASS_7.3-29         
[16] ggplot2_0.9.3.1      knitr_1.5.15         slidifyLibraries_0.1
[19] markdown_0.6.4       whisker_0.3-2        slidify_0.3.3       
[22] devtools_1.4.1      

loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
 [1] abind_1.4-0        car_2.0-19         coda_0.16-1       
 [4] data.table_1.8.10  dichromat_2.0-0    digest_0.6.4      
 [7] evaluate_0.5.1     foreign_0.8-57     formatR_0.10      
[10] gtable_0.1.2       httr_0.2           labeling_0.2      
[13] maptools_0.8-27    memisc_0.96-9      memoise_0.1       
[16] minqa_1.2.1        munsell_0.4.2      nnet_7.3-7        
[19] parallel_3.0.2     proto_0.3-10       RColorBrewer_1.0-5
[22] RCurl_1.95-4.1     reshape2_1.2.2     scales_0.2.3      
[25] sp_1.0-14          splines_3.0.2      stringr_0.6.2     
[28] tools_3.0.2        yaml_2.1.7